Journal of Pediatric Nursing
Volume 26, Issue 1 , Pages 3-12 , February 2011

Comparison of Arm and Calf Automatic Noninvasive Blood Pressures in Pediatric Intensive Care Patients

  • Kathleen Schell, RN, PhD, RN

      Affiliations

    • School of Nursing, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author: Kathleen Schell, PhD, RN.
  • ,
  • Eileen Briening, RN, MSN, PNP-BC

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Nemours and Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
  • ,
  • Ruth Lebet, RN, MSN, CCNS

      Affiliations

    • PICU, Nemours and Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
  • ,
  • Kelly Pruden, RN, MSN, CPNP, CCRN

      Affiliations

    • Department of General Surgery and Trauma, Nemours and Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
  • ,
  • Steven Rawheiser, RN, BSN

      Affiliations

    • Pediatric Transport Team, Nemours and Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
  • ,
  • Barbara Jackson, RN, BSN

      Affiliations

    • PICU, Nemours and Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE

References 

  1. Ambuel B, Hamlett KW, Marx CM, Blumer JL. Assessing distress in pediatric intensive care environments: The COMFORT scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1992;17:95–109
  2. Arafat M, Mattoo TK. Measurement of blood pressure in children: Recommendations and perceptions on cuff selection. Pediatrics. 1999;104:e30
  3. Axton SE, Bertrand S, Smith LF, Dy E, Liehr P. Comparison of brachial and calf blood pressures in infants. Pediatric Nursing. 1995;21:323–326
  4. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;1:307–310
  5. Crapanzano MS, Strong WB, Newman IR, Hixon RL, Casal D, Linder CW. Calf blood pressure: Clinical implications and correlations with arm blood pressure in infants and young children. Pediatrics. 1996;97:220–224
  6. Crossland DS, Furness JC, Abu-Harb M, Sadagopan SN, Wren C. Variability of four limb blood pressure in normal neonates. Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2004;89:F325–F327
  7. Dickson BK, Hajjar I. Blood pressure measurement education and evaluation program improves measurement accuracy in community-based nurses: A pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2007;19:93–102
  8. Dobbins KR. Protocols for practice: Applying research at the bedside; Noninvasive blood pressure monitoring. Critical Care Nurse. 2002;22:123–124
  9. Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A, Thomason JWW, Wheeler AP, Gordon S, et al. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: Reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003;289:2983–2991
  10. Frauman AC, Lansing LM, Fennel RS. Indirect blood pressure measurement in children undergoing hemodialysis: A comparison of brachial and dorsalis pedis auscultatory sites. AANT. 1984;11:19–21
  11. G.E. Healthcare. (n.d.). The DINAMAP® difference: A guide to our NIBP. Retrieved on January 7, 2009 from www.gehealthcare.com/usen/patient_mon_sys/docs/DINAMAPDifference.pdf.
  12. Giuliano K. Noninvasive blood pressure monitoring. In:  Burns SM editors. AACN protocols for practice: Noninvasive monitoring. 2nd ed.. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett; 2005;p. 83–97
  13. Hockenberry MJ, Wilson D, Winkelstein ML, Kline NE. Chapter 7: Physical and developmental assessment of the child—blood pressure. In: Wong's nursing care of infants and children. 7th ed.. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2003;p. 182–186
  14. Houweling ST, Kleefstra N, Lutgers HL, Groenier KH, Jong BM, Bilo HJG. Pitfalls in blood pressure measurement in daily practice. Family Practice. 2006;23:20–27
  15. Jensen MP, Karoly P. Self-report scales and procedures for assessing pain in adults. In:  Turk DC,  Melzack R editor. Handbook of pain assessment. New York: The Guilford Press; 1992;p. 135–151
  16. Keck JF, Gerkensmeyer JE, Joyce BA, Schade J. Reliability and validity of the FACES and Word Descriptor scales to measure pain in verbal children. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 1996;11(6):368–374
  17. Kunk R, McCain GC. Comparison of upper arm and calf oscillometric blood pressure measurement in preterm infants. Journal of Perinatology. 1996;16:89–92
  18. Lip GYH, Beever M, Beevers DG, Dillon MJ. The measurement of blood pressure and detection of hypertension in children and adolescents. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2001;15:419–423
  19. McGhee BH, Bridges MEJ. Monitoring arterial blood pressure: What you may not know. Critical Care Nurse. 2002;22(2):60–79
  20. Menard SW, Park MK. Blood pressure measurement in children: A brief review. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing. 1995;4:92–95
  21. Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, Shayevitz JR, Malviya S. Practice applications of research. The FLACC: A behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatric Nursing. 1997;23(3):293–297
  22. Morganstein BZ, Butani L. Casual blood pressure measurement methodology. In:  Portman RJ,  Sorof JM,  Ingelfinger JR editor. Pediatric hypertension. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2004;p. 77–96
  23. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents . The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;114:555–576
  24. Netea RT, Lenders J, Smits P, Thien T. Influence of body and arm position on blood pressure readings: An overview. Journal of Hypertension. 2003;21:237–241
  25. Paice JA, Cohen FL. Validity of a verbally administered numeric rating scale to measure cancer pain intensity. Cancer Nursing. 1997;20:88–93
  26. Park MK, Lee D. Normative arm and calf blood pressure values in the newborn. Pediatrics. 1989;83:240–243
  27. Park MK, Robotham JL, German VF. Systolic pressure amplification in pedal arteries in children. Critical Care Medicine. 1983;11:286–289
  28. Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN, et al. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: Blood pressure measurement in humans: A statement for professionals from the subcommittee of professional and public education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension. 2005;45:142–161
  29. Pun BT, Gordon SM, Peterson JF, Shintani AK, Jackson JC, Foss J, et al. Large-scale implementation of sedation and delirium monitoring in the intensive care unit: A report from two medical centers. Critical Care Medicine. 2005;33:1199–1205
  30. Rassin M, Sruyah R, Kahalon A, Naveh R, Nicar I, Silner D. Between the fixed and the changing: Examining and comparing reliability and validity of 3 sedation–agitation measuring scales. DCCN - Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing. 2007;26:76–82
  31. Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, Brophy GM, O'Neal PV, Keane KA, et al. The Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale: Validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine. 2002;166:1338–1344
  32. Short JA. Noninvasive blood pressure measurement in the upper and lower limbs of anaesthetized children. Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2000;10:591–593
  33. Stebor AD. Basic principles of noninvasive blood pressure measurement in infants. Advances in Neonatal Care. 2005;5:252–261
  34. Terra SG, Blum RA, Wei GC, Lew RA, Digenio IR, Kazierad DJ. Evaluation of methods for improving precision of blood pressure measurements in Phase I clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2004;44:457–463
  35. Van Dijk M, de Boer JB, Koot HM, Tibboel D, Passchier J, Duivenvoorden HJ. The reliability and validity of the COMFORT scale as a postoperative pain instrument in 0 to 3 year old infants. Pain. 2000;84:367–377
  36. Voepel-Lewis T, Merkel S, Tait AR, Trzcinka A, Malviya S. The reliability and validity of the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability observational tool as a measure of pain in children with cognitive impairment. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2002;95:1224–1229
  37. White WB, Berson AS, Robbins C, Jamieson MJ, Prisant LM, Roccella E, et al. National standard for measurement of resting and ambulatory blood pressures with automated sphygmomanometers. Hypertension. 1993;21:504–509
  38. Wielenga JM, de Leeuw R. COMFORT scale: A reliable and valid method to measure the amount of stress of ventilated preterm infants. Neonatal Network. 2004;23:39–44
  39. Wong D, Baker C. Pain in children: Comparison of assessment scales. Pediatric Nursing. 1988;14:9–17

PII: S0882-5963(09)00340-6

doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2009.11.007

Journal of Pediatric Nursing
Volume 26, Issue 1 , Pages 3-12 , February 2011